The Colloquium also provides each student with the opportunity to write and present an independent research paper. Tax Policy Colloquium The Colloquium offers students the opportunity to pursue tax policy and theory, along with related issues of public economics, at an advanced level Students must prepare a short comment paper in 5 of the 14 weeks focusing on the upcoming paper, make a short in-class presentation on one of the papers, and submit to the conveners of the Colloquium a proposed question for the author in each week (after Week 1) when they are not submitting a comment paper or making an oral presentation Nov 12, · Accordingly, the colloquium began with a background paper by Adam Jaffe, which provided an overview of trends and patterns in R&D activity since the early s, as well as some international comparisons. He discussed how federal spending on R&D is roughly the same today in real terms as it was in the late s, but that expenditures by industry have nearly tripled over that period—raising its share of all funding for R&D
Colloquium Paper: Science, technology, and economic growth
Systematic study of technology change by economists and other social scientists began largely during the s, emerging out of a concern with improving our quantitative knowledge of the sources of economic growth. The early work was directed at identifying the importance of different factors in generating growth and relied on highly aggregated data.
However, the finding that increases in the stocks of conventional factors of production capital and labor accounted for only colloquium paper modest share of economic growth stimulated more detailed colloquium paper on the processes underlying technological progress, and led to major advances in conceptualization, colloquium paper, data collection, and measurement. It also focused colloquium paper on theoretical research, colloquium paper, which was clarifying why market mechanisms were not as well suited to allocate resources for the production and transmission of knowledge as they were for more traditional goods and services.
The intellectual impetus that these studies provided contributed to an increased appreciation by policymakers of the economic significance of science and technology, and a more intensive investigation of its role in phenomena as diverse as: the slowdown of productivity advance in the West, the extreme variation in rates of growth across the world, and colloquium paper increased costs of health care.
While the majority of participants were economists, there was also representation from a number of other disciplines, including political science, colloquium paper, medicine, history, law, sociology, physics, and operations research, colloquium paper. The papers presented at this colloquium have been shortened and revised for publication here.
The first, by James Adams and Colloquium paper Griliches 2examined how the relationship between academic research expenditures and scientific publications, unweighted or weighted by citations, has varied across disciplines and over time. As they noted, colloquium paper the returns to academic science colloquium paper to be estimated, we need good measures of the principal outputs—new ideas and new scientists.
Although economists have worked extensively on methods to value the latter, much less effort has been devoted to developing useable measures of the former. The Adams—Griliches paper also provides a more general discussion of the quality of the measures of output that can be derived from data on paper and citation counts. Colloquium paper Jaffe and Manuel Trajtenberg 3 reported on their development of a methodology for the use of patent citations to investigate the diffusion of technological information over geographic space and time.
Colloquium paper illustrating the opportunities for linking inventions and inventors that the computerization of patent citation data provide, they found: substantial localization in citations, lower rates of citation for federal patents than for corporate, a higher fertility or value of university patents, and citation patterns across technological fields that conform to prior beliefs about the pace of innovation and the significance of gestation lags.
National laboratories have come under increasing scrutiny in recent years. In their paper, Linda Cohen and Roger Noll 4 colloquium paper the historic evolution of the national laboratories, and explored whether there is an economic and political basis for sustaining them at their current size, colloquium paper. Scholars and policymakers often ask about the significance and effects of trade in intellectual capital.
Naomi Lamoreaux and Kenneth Sokoloff 5 offered some historical perspective on this issue, colloquium paper, presenting research on the evolution of colloquium paper in patented technologies over the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Employing samples of both patents and assignments contracts transferring rights to patentsthey found evidence that a class of individuals specialized in inventive activity emerged long before the rise of industrial research laboratories.
This rise of specialized inventors was related to the increasing opportunities for extracting the returns to discoveries by selling or licensing off the rights, as opposed to having to exploit them directly. They also found that intermediaries and markets, supportive of colloquium paper trade in technological information by reducing transaction costs, appear to have evolved first in geographic areas with a record of high rates of patenting, and that the existence of these and like institutions may in turn have contributed to the persistence over time of geographic pockets of high rates of inventive activity through self-reinforcing processes.
The paper by Keith Pavitt 6 was perhaps more explicitly focused on the design of technology policy than any other presented at the colloquium. This capacity involves tacit research skills, techniques and instrumentation, and membership in national and international research networks. One afternoon of the colloquium was devoted to papers on colloquium paper issues in medical technology.
Many economists have long been concerned that the structures of incentives in the systems of health care coverage used in the United States have encouraged the development of medical technologies whose value on the margin is small, especially relative to their cost.
The paper by Mark McClellan 7 presented new evidence on the marginal effects of intensive medical practices on outcomes and expenditures over time, colloquium paper, using data on the treatment of acute myocardial infarction in the elderly from through from a number of hospitals. In general, colloquium paper, McClellan found little evidence that the marginal returns to technological change in heart attack treatment catheterization is the focus here have declined substantially; indeed, on the surface, colloquium paper, the data suggest better outcomes and zero net expenditure effects.
Because a substantial fraction of the long-term improvement in mortality at catheterization hospitals is evident within 1 day of acute myocardial infarction, however, McClellan suggests that procedures other than catheterization, but whose adoption at hospitals was related to that of catheterization, may have accounted for some of the better outcomes. Lynn Zucker and Michael Darby 8 followed with a discussion of their studies of the processes by which scientific knowledge comes to be commercially exploited, and of the importance of academic researchers to the development of the biotechnology industry.
Employing a massive new data set matching detailed information about the performance of firms with the research productivity of scientists as measured by publications and citationscolloquium paper, they found a very strong association between the success of firms and the extent of direct collaboration between firm scientists and highly productive academic scientists.
Zucker and Darby also suggest that the research productivity of the academic scientists may have been colloquium paper by their relationships with the firms because of both the opportunities for commercialization and the additional resources made available for research.
The paper by Alan Garber and Paul Romer 9 begins by reviewing the arguments that lead economists and policy makers to worry that market allocation mechanisms, if left alone, may not allocate an optimal amount of funds to research activity. They then consider the likely costs and benefits of various ways of changing the colloquium paper structures that determine the returns to research, including strengthening property rights for innovative output and tax subsidy schemes.
The discussion, which is weighted to medical research, points out alternative ways of implementing these schemes and considers how their relative efficacies are likely to differ with the research environment. Iain Cockburn and Rebecca Henderson 10 followed with an empirical investigation of the interaction between publicly and privately funded research in pharmaceuticals. Using a confidential data set that they gathered, they begin by colloquium paper that for their sample of 15 important new drugs there was a colloquium paper and variable lag between the date of the key enabling scientific discovery and the market introduction of the resultant new chemical entity between 11 and 67 years.
They stress, colloquium paper, however, that private sector research scientists often publish their results and frequently co-author with scientists from public sector institutions, suggesting that there are important two-way flows of information.
There is also some tentative colloquium paper that the research departments of firms that have stronger ties to the public research institutes are more productive.
Steve Berry, Sam Kortum, and Ariel Pakes 11 analyze the impact of the lowering of emission standards and the increase in gas prices on the characteristics and the costs of producing automobiles in the s. However, the more sophisticated three-way and closed-loop catalysts and the fuel injection technologies, introduced following the further colloquium paper of emissions standards inincreased costs significantly. They also show that the miles per gallon rating of the new car fleet increased significantly over this period, with the increases occurring primarily as a result of the introduction of new car models.
Though the new models tended to be smaller than the old, there was also an increase in the miles per gallon in given horsepower weight classes, colloquium paper.
This, together with striking increases in patenting in patent classes that deal with combustion engines following the and gas price hikes, suggests a significant technological response, which allowed us to produce more fuel efficient cars at little extra cost, colloquium paper. Since the founding of Sematech inthere has been much interest in colloquium paper this consortium of United States semiconductor producers has been effective in achieving the goal of promoting the advances colloquium paper United States semiconductor manufacturing technology.
This evidence is consistent with the notion that Sematech colloquium paper more sharing and less duplication of research, and helps to explain why member firms have indicated that they would fully fund the consortium in the absence of the government financing, colloquium paper.
It is difficult to reconcile this, however, with the view that Sematech induces firms to do more semiconductor research. In his presentation, Richard Zeckhauser 13 suggested that economists and analysts of technology policy often overestimate the degree to which technological information is truly a public good, and that this misunderstanding has led them to devote inadequate attention to the challenges of contracting for such information. Economists have long noted the problems in contracting, or agency, that arise from the costs of verifying states of the world, or from the fact that potential outcomes are so numerous that it is not possible to prespecify contingent payments.
All of these problems are relevant in contracting for technological information, and constitute impediments to the effectiveness of invention and technological diffusion. Zeckhauser discusses how government, in its role as enforcer and definer of property rights in intellectual capital as well as in its tax, colloquium paper, trade, and antitrust policies, has a major impact on the magnitude of contracting difficulties and the way in which they are resolved.
United States policies toward intellectual capital were developed for an era of predominantly physical products, and it is perhaps time for them to be reexamined and refashioned to meet current technological realities. As long as authorities have acted to stimulate colloquium paper by granting property rights to intellectual capital they have been plagued by the questions of when exploitation of such property rights comes to constitute abuse of monopoly power or an antitrust violation, and what should their policies be about such cases.
The final paper presented at the colloquium offered an economic analysis of a contemporary policy problem emanating from this general issue—whether or not to colloquium paper holders of intellectual property to offer licenses. As Richard Gilbert and Carl Shapiro 14 make clear, the effects of compulsory licensing on economic efficiency are ambiguous—for any kind of capital.
They show that an obligation to offer licenses does not necessarily increase economic welfare even in the short run. Moreover, as is well recognized, obligations to deal can have profound adverse consequences for investment and for the creation of intellectual property in the long run.
Equal access compulsory licensing in the case of intellectual property is an efficient remedy only if the benefits of equal access outweigh the regulatory costs and the long run disincentives for investment and innovation. This is a high threshold, particularly in the case of intellectual property.
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Journal List Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A v. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. doi: PMCID: PMC Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Copyright ©The National Academy of Sciences of the USA. References 1. Jaffe A. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. Adams J, Griliches Z. Jaffe A, Trajtenberg M. Cohen L, Noll R. Lamoreaux N R, Sokoloff K L. Pavitt K. McClellan M. Zucker L, colloquium paper, Darby M.
Garber A, colloquium paper, Romer P. Cockburn I, Henderson R. Berry S, Kortum S, Pakes A. Irwin D, Klenow P. Zeckhauser R. Gilbert R, Shapiro C, colloquium paper. Articles from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America are provided here courtesy of National Academy of Sciences. Formats: Article PubReader ePub beta PDF K Cite.
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IU Tax Policy Colloquium: Christians (McGill), Apr. 15, 2021
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Dec 10, · The purpose of this colloquium is to bring together experts on symmetries from various disciplines to teach us the multi-faceted uses of symmetries. The hope is that the cross-fertilization will lead to new insights and that uses of symmetries in one field may lead to applications in another one The Design Colloquium for Design-First Firms is a unique forum where leaders of exceptional firms in architecture, engineering, and related design disciplines gather in an intimate, candid setting to exchange ideas and experiences with their peers. We coined the term Design-First to refer to practices that have maintained a consistently high level of design quality, while not dependent on a black-cape superstar Colloquium Papers (Free Online) ← About PNAS. The following is a list of recently published paper from National Academy of Sciences Colloquia. For papers from earlier colloquia, click here. Colloquium
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